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— title: “C++ Language Reference” description: “Learn more about: C++ Language Reference” ms.custom: “index-page” ms.date: 12/10/2019 helpviewer_keywords: [“C++, language reference”] — # C++ Language Reference This reference explains the C++ programming language as implemented in the Microsoft C++ compiler. The organization is based on *The Annotated C++ Reference Manual* by Margaret Ellis and Bjarne Stroustrup and on the ANSI/ISO C++ International Standard (ISO/IEC FDIS 14882). Microsoft-specific implementations of C++ language features are included. For an overview of Modern C++ programming practices, see [Welcome Back to C++](welcome-back-to-cpp-modern-cpp.md). See the following tables to quickly find a keyword or operator: – [C++ Keywords](keywords-cpp.md) – [C++ Operators](cpp-built-in-operators-precedence-and-associativity.md) ## In This Section [Lexical Conventions](lexical-conventions.md)\ Fundamental lexical elements of a C++ program: tokens, comments, operators, keywords, punctuators, literals. Also, file translation, operator precedence/associativity. [Basic Concepts](basic-concepts-cpp.md)\ Scope, linkage, program startup and termination, storage classes, and types. [Built-in types](fundamental-types-cpp.md)\ The fundamental types that are built into the C++ compiler and their value ranges. [Standard Conversions](standard-conversions.md)\ Type conversions between built-in types. Also, arithmetic conversions and conversions among pointer, reference, and pointer-to-member types. [Declarations and definitions](declarations-and-definitions-cpp.md)\ Declaring and defining variables, types and functions. [Operators, Precedence and Associativity](cpp-built-in-operators-precedence-and-associativity.md)\ The operators in C++. [Expressions](expressions-cpp.md)\ Types of expressions, semantics of expressions, reference topics on operators, casting and casting operators, run-time type information. [Lambda Expressions](lambda-expressions-in-cpp.md)\ A programming technique that implicitly defines a function object class and constructs a function object of that class type. [Statements](statements-cpp.md)\ Expression, null, compound, selection, iteration, jump, and declaration statements. [Classes and structs](classes-and-structs-cpp.md)\ Introduction to classes, structures, and unions. Also, member functions, special member functions, data members, bit fields, **`this`** pointer, nested classes. [Unions](unions.md)\ User-defined types in which all members share the same memory location. [Derived Classes](inheritance-cpp.md)\ Single and multiple inheritance, **`virtual`** functions, multiple base classes, **abstract** classes, scope rules. Also, the **`__super`** and **`__interface`** keywords. [Member-Access Control](member-access-control-cpp.md)\ Controlling access to class members: **`public`**, **`private`**, and **`protected`** keywords. Friend functions and classes. [Overloading](operator-overloading.md)\ Overloaded operators, rules for operator overloading. [Exception Handling](exception-handling-in-visual-cpp.md)\ C++ exception handling, structured exception handling (SEH), keywords used in writing exception handling statements. [Assertion and User-Supplied Messages](assertion-and-user-supplied-messages-cpp.md)\ `#error` directive, the **`static_assert`** keyword, the `assert` macro. [Templates](templates-cpp.md)\ Template specifications, function templates, class templates, **`typename`** keyword, templates vs. macros, templates and smart pointers. [Event Handling](event-handling.md)\ Declaring events and event handlers. [Microsoft-Specific Modifiers](microsoft-specific-modifiers.md)\ Modifiers specific to Microsoft C++. Memory addressing, calling conventions, **`naked`** functions, extended storage-class attributes (**`__declspec`**), **`__w64`**. [Inline Assembler](../assembler/inline/inline-assembler.md)\ Using assembly language and C++ in **`__asm`** blocks. [Compiler COM Support](compiler-com-support.md)\ A reference to Microsoft-specific classes and global functions used to support COM types. [Microsoft Extensions](microsoft-extensions.md)\ Microsoft extensions to C++. [Nonstandard Behavior](nonstandard-behavior.md)\ Information about nonstandard behavior of the Microsoft C++ compiler. [Welcome Back to C++](welcome-back-to-cpp-modern-cpp.md)\ An overview of modern C++ programming practices for writing safe, correct and efficient programs. ## Related Sections [Component Extensions for Runtime Platforms](../extensions/component-extensions-for-runtime-platforms.md)\ Reference material on using the Microsoft C++ compiler to target .NET. [C/C++ Building Reference](../build/reference/c-cpp-building-reference.md)\ Compiler options, linker options, and other build tools. [C/C++ Preprocessor Reference](../preprocessor/c-cpp-preprocessor-reference.md)\ Reference material on pragmas, preprocessor directives, predefined macros, and the preprocessor. [Visual C++ Libraries](../standard-library/cpp-standard-library-reference.md)\ A list of links to the reference start pages for the various Microsoft C++ libraries. ## See also [C Language Reference](../c-language/c-language-reference.md)