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モデルフィールドリファレンス¶
このドキュメントには、Django が提供する field options と field types を含む、Field の全ての API リファレンスが記載されています。
参考
あらかじめ用意されたフィールドでうまくいかない場合、django-localflavor (ドキュメント) を試すことができます。ここには特定の国や文化に有用なコード部品が、各種取り揃えられています。
さらに、簡単に あなた自身の独自のモデルフィールドを作ることもできます。
注釈
技術的には、これらのモデルは django.db.models.fields 内で定義されていまが、利便性のため django.db.models にインポートされています; 標準的な慣習では、from django.db import models を使って、フィールドを models.<Foo>Field として参照します。
フィールドオプション¶
以下の引数は全てのフィールドタイプで有効です。全て省略可能です。
null¶
-
Field.null¶
True``の場合、Django はデータベース内に ``NULL として空の値を保持します。デフォルトは False です。
Avoid using null on string-based fields such as
CharField and TextField. If a string-based field has
null=True, that means it has two possible values for "no data": NULL,
and the empty string. In most cases, it’s redundant to have two possible values
for "no data;" the Django convention is to use the empty string, not
NULL. One exception is when a CharField has both unique=True
and blank=True set. In this situation, null=True is required to avoid
unique constraint violations when saving multiple objects with blank values.
文字列ベースと非文字列ベースのフィールドのどちらでも、フォーム内で空の値を許容したい場合には、blank=True をセットすることも必要となります。これは、null パラメータはデータベーストレー時のみに影響するためです (blank を参照してください)。
注釈
Oracleのデータベースバックエンドを使っているときには、この属性にかかわらず、値 NULL が空の文字列を意味するために保持されます。
blank¶
-
Field.blank¶
True の場合、フィールドはブランクになることが許容されます。デフォルトは False です。
null とは異なる点に注意してください。null が純粋にデータベースに関連する一方で、blank はバリデーションに関連します。フィールドが blank=True を持つ場合、フォームバリデーションは空の値のエントリーを許容します。blank=False を持つ場合、フィールドは必須となります。
Supplying missing values
blank=True can be used with fields having null=False, but this will
require implementing clean() on the model in
order to programmatically supply any missing values.
choices¶
-
Field.choices¶
A sequence consisting itself of iterables of exactly two items (e.g.
[(A, B), (A, B) ...]) to use as choices for this field. If choices are
given, they’re enforced by model validation and the
default form widget will be a select box with these choices instead of the
standard text field.
各タプルの最初の要素は、モデル上でセットするための実際の値です。2 番目の要素は人間が読むための名前です。例えば:
YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = [
("FR", "Freshman"),
("SO", "Sophomore"),
("JR", "Junior"),
("SR", "Senior"),
("GR", "Graduate"),
]
一般的に、モデルクラスの内部で選択肢を定義し、それぞれの値に適切に名前づけられた定数を定義するのがベストです:
from django.db import models
class Student(models.Model):
FRESHMAN = "FR"
SOPHOMORE = "SO"
JUNIOR = "JR"
SENIOR = "SR"
GRADUATE = "GR"
YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES = [
(FRESHMAN, "Freshman"),
(SOPHOMORE, "Sophomore"),
(JUNIOR, "Junior"),
(SENIOR, "Senior"),
(GRADUATE, "Graduate"),
]
year_in_school = models.CharField(
max_length=2,
choices=YEAR_IN_SCHOOL_CHOICES,
default=FRESHMAN,
)
def is_upperclass(self):
return self.year_in_school in {self.JUNIOR, self.SENIOR}
Though you can define a choices list outside of a model class and then
refer to it, defining the choices and names for each choice inside the
model class keeps all of that information with the class that uses it,
and helps reference the choices (e.g, Student.SOPHOMORE
will work anywhere that the Student model has been imported).
組織化する目的に使用できる、名前付きグループに利用可能な選択肢を収集することもできます。
MEDIA_CHOICES = [
(
"Audio",
(
("vinyl", "Vinyl"),
("cd", "CD"),
),
),
(
"Video",
(
("vhs", "VHS Tape"),
("dvd", "DVD"),
),
),
("unknown", "Unknown"),
]
The first element in each tuple is the name to apply to the group. The
second element is an iterable of 2-tuples, with each 2-tuple containing
a value and a human-readable name for an option. Grouped options may be
combined with ungrouped options within a single list (such as the
'unknown' option in this example).
choices がセットされているモデルフィールドごとに、Django はフィールドの現在の値に対して人間が読める名前を取得するメソッドを追加します。データベース API ドキュメントの get_FOO_display() を参照してください。
Note that choices can be any sequence object — not necessarily a list or
tuple. This lets you construct choices dynamically. But if you find yourself
hacking choices to be dynamic, you’re probably better off using
a proper database table with a ForeignKey. choices is
meant for static data that doesn’t change much, if ever.
注釈
choices の順番を変更すると、変更のたびに新しいマイグレーションが生成されます。
blank=False が default とともにフィールド上にセットされない限り、"---------" を含むラベルがセレクトボックスに表示されます。この動作をオーバーライドするためには、None を含む choices にタプルを追加してください; 例えば (None, '表示専用の文字列'). もしくは、None の代わりに空の文字列を使うこともできます。これは特に CharField などに適しています。
Enumeration types¶
In addition, Django provides enumeration types that you can subclass to define choices in a concise way:
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
class Student(models.Model):
class YearInSchool(models.TextChoices):
FRESHMAN = "FR", _("Freshman")
SOPHOMORE = "SO", _("Sophomore")
JUNIOR = "JR", _("Junior")
SENIOR = "SR", _("Senior")
GRADUATE = "GR", _("Graduate")
year_in_school = models.CharField(
max_length=2,
choices=YearInSchool.choices,
default=YearInSchool.FRESHMAN,
)
def is_upperclass(self):
return self.year_in_school in {
self.YearInSchool.JUNIOR,
self.YearInSchool.SENIOR,
}
These work similar to enum from Python’s standard library, but with some
modifications:
Enum member values are a tuple of arguments to use when constructing the concrete data type. Django supports adding an extra string value to the end of this tuple to be used as the human-readable name, or
label. Thelabelcan be a lazy translatable string. Thus, in most cases, the member value will be a(value, label)two-tuple. See below for an example of subclassing choices using a more complex data type. If a tuple is not provided, or the last item is not a (lazy) string, thelabelis automatically generated from the member name.A
.labelproperty is added on values, to return the human-readable name.A number of custom properties are added to the enumeration classes —
.choices,.labels,.values, and.names— to make it easier to access lists of those separate parts of the enumeration. Use.choicesas a suitable value to pass tochoicesin a field definition.警告
These property names cannot be used as member names as they would conflict.
The use of
enum.unique()is enforced to ensure that values cannot be defined multiple times. This is unlikely to be expected in choices for a field.
Note that using YearInSchool.SENIOR, YearInSchool['SENIOR'], or
YearInSchool('SR') to access or lookup enum members work as expected, as do
the .name and .value properties on the members.
If you don’t need to have the human-readable names translated, you can have them inferred from the member name (replacing underscores with spaces and using title-case):
>>> class Vehicle(models.TextChoices):
... CAR = "C"
... TRUCK = "T"
... JET_SKI = "J"
...
>>> Vehicle.JET_SKI.label
'Jet Ski'
Since the case where the enum values need to be integers is extremely common,
Django provides an IntegerChoices class. For example:
class Card(models.Model):
class Suit(models.IntegerChoices):
DIAMOND = 1
SPADE = 2
HEART = 3
CLUB = 4
suit = models.IntegerField(choices=Suit.choices)
It is also possible to make use of the Enum Functional API with the caveat that labels are automatically generated as highlighted above:
>>> MedalType = models.TextChoices("MedalType", "GOLD SILVER BRONZE")
>>> MedalType.choices
[('GOLD', 'Gold'), ('SILVER', 'Silver'), ('BRONZE', 'Bronze')]
>>> Place = models.IntegerChoices("Place", "FIRST SECOND THIRD")
>>> Place.choices
[(1, 'First'), (2, 'Second'), (3, 'Third')]
If you require support for a concrete data type other than int or str,
you can subclass Choices and the required concrete data type, e.g.
date for use with DateField:
class MoonLandings(datetime.date, models.Choices):
APOLLO_11 = 1969, 7, 20, "Apollo 11 (Eagle)"
APOLLO_12 = 1969, 11, 19, "Apollo 12 (Intrepid)"
APOLLO_14 = 1971, 2, 5, "Apollo 14 (Antares)"
APOLLO_15 = 1971, 7, 30, "Apollo 15 (Falcon)"
APOLLO_16 = 1972, 4, 21, "Apollo 16 (Orion)"
APOLLO_17 = 1972, 12, 11, "Apollo 17 (Challenger)"
There are some additional caveats to be aware of:
Enumeration types do not support named groups.
Because an enumeration with a concrete data type requires all values to match the type, overriding the blank label cannot be achieved by creating a member with a value of
None. Instead, set the__empty__attribute on the class:class Answer(models.IntegerChoices): NO = 0, _("No") YES = 1, _("Yes") __empty__ = _("(Unknown)")
db_column¶
-
Field.db_column¶
このフィールドを使用するためのデータベースのカラムの名前です。もし与えられなければ、Django はフィールド名を使用します。
データベースのカラム名が SQL の予約語だったり、Python の変数名として使用できない文字 (特に多いのがハイフン) が含まれていたとしても大丈夫です。Django はカラムとテーブルの名前を自動的にクオートして処理してくれます。
db_comment¶
-
Field.db_comment¶
The comment on the database column to use for this field. It is useful for documenting fields for individuals with direct database access who may not be looking at your Django code. For example:
pub_date = models.DateTimeField(
db_comment="Date and time when the article was published",
)
db_index¶
-
Field.db_index¶
True の場合、データベースインデックスがこのフィールドのために生成されます。
Use the indexes option instead.
Where possible, use the Meta.indexes option
instead. In nearly all cases, indexes provides more
functionality than db_index. db_index may be deprecated in the
future.
db_tablespace¶
-
Field.db_tablespace¶
The name of the database tablespace to use for
this field’s index, if this field is indexed. The default is the project’s
DEFAULT_INDEX_TABLESPACE setting, if set, or the
db_tablespace of the model, if any. If the backend doesn’t
support tablespaces for indexes, this option is ignored.
default¶
-
Field.default¶
そのフィールドのデフォルト値です。このオプションには特定の値もしくは呼び出し可能オブジェクトを渡すことができます。もし渡した値が呼び出し可能であれば新しくオブジェクトが生成される度に呼び出されます。
The default can’t be a mutable object (model instance, list, set, etc.),
as a reference to the same instance of that object would be used as the default
value in all new model instances. Instead, wrap the desired default in a
callable. For example, if you want to specify a default dict for
JSONField, use a function:
def contact_default():
return {"email": "to1@example.com"}
contact_info = JSONField("ContactInfo", default=contact_default)
lambdas can’t be used for field options like default because they
can’t be serialized by migrations. See that
documentation for other caveats.
For fields like ForeignKey that map to model instances, defaults
should be the value of the field they reference (pk unless
to_field is set) instead of model instances.
The default value is used when new model instances are created and a value
isn’t provided for the field. When the field is a primary key, the default is
also used when the field is set to None.
editable¶
-
Field.editable¶
If False, the field will not be displayed in the admin or any other
ModelForm. They are also skipped during model
validation. Default is True.
error_messages¶
-
Field.error_messages¶
The error_messages argument lets you override the default messages that the
field will raise. Pass in a dictionary with keys matching the error messages you
want to override.
Error message keys include null, blank, invalid, invalid_choice,
unique, and unique_for_date. Additional error message keys are
specified for each field in the Field types section below.
These error messages often don’t propagate to forms. See モデルの error_messages のレンダリングを考える.
help_text¶
-
Field.help_text¶
フォームウィジェットと共に表示される "補助" テキストになります。この値はフィールドがフォームとして利用されない場合でもドキュメント化する際に有用です。
Note that this value is not HTML-escaped in automatically-generated
forms. This lets you include HTML in help_text if you so
desire. For example:
help_text = "Please use the following format: <em>YYYY-MM-DD</em>."
Alternatively you can use plain text and
django.utils.html.escape() to escape any HTML special characters. Ensure
that you escape any help text that may come from untrusted users to avoid a
cross-site scripting attack.
primary_key¶
-
Field.primary_key¶
True の場合、設定したフィールドはそのモデルの主キーとなります。
If you don’t specify primary_key=True for any field in your model, Django
will automatically add a field to hold the primary key, so you don’t need to
set primary_key=True on any of your fields unless you want to override the
default primary-key behavior. The type of auto-created primary key fields can
be specified per app in AppConfig.default_auto_field or globally in the
DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD setting. For more, see
自動インクリメントのプライマリーキーフィールド.
primary_key=True implies null=False and
unique=True. Only one primary key is allowed on an
object.
The primary key field is read-only. If you change the value of the primary key on an existing object and then save it, a new object will be created alongside the old one.
The primary key field is set to None when
deleting an object.
unique¶
-
Field.unique¶
True の場合、そのフィールドはテーブル上で一意となる制約を受けます。
This is enforced at the database level and by model validation. If
you try to save a model with a duplicate value in a unique
field, a django.db.IntegrityError will be raised by the model’s
save() method.
This option is valid on all field types except ManyToManyField and
OneToOneField.
Note that when unique is True, you don’t need to specify
db_index, because unique implies the creation of an index.
unique_for_date¶
-
Field.unique_for_date¶
Set this to the name of a DateField or DateTimeField to
require that this field be unique for the value of the date field.
For example, if you have a field title that has
unique_for_date="pub_date", then Django wouldn’t allow the entry of two
records with the same title and pub_date.
Note that if you set this to point to a DateTimeField, only the date
portion of the field will be considered. Besides, when USE_TZ is
True, the check will be performed in the current time zone at the time the object gets saved.
This is enforced by Model.validate_unique() during model validation
but not at the database level. If any unique_for_date constraint
involves fields that are not part of a ModelForm (for
example, if one of the fields is listed in exclude or has
editable=False), Model.validate_unique() will
skip validation for that particular constraint.
unique_for_month¶
-
Field.unique_for_month¶
Like unique_for_date, but requires the field to be unique with
respect to the month.
verbose_name¶
-
Field.verbose_name¶
A human-readable name for the field. If the verbose name isn’t given, Django will automatically create it using the field’s attribute name, converting underscores to spaces. See Verbose field names.
validators¶
-
Field.validators¶
A list of validators to run for this field. See the validators documentation for more information.
フィールドの型¶
AutoField¶
-
class
AutoField(**options)¶
利用可能な ID に応じて、自動的にインクリメントする IntegerField です。通常は直接使う必要はありません; 指定しない場合は、主キーのフィールドが自動的にモデルに追加されます。自動インクリメントのプライマリーキーフィールド も参照してください。
BigAutoField¶
-
class
BigAutoField(**options)¶
64 ビットの数値です。1 から 9223372036854775807 までの数を扱える以外は、AutoField と同じです。
BigIntegerField¶
-
class
BigIntegerField(**options)¶
A 64-bit integer, much like an IntegerField except that it is
guaranteed to fit numbers from -9223372036854775808 to
9223372036854775807. The default form widget for this field is a
NumberInput.
BinaryField¶
-
class
BinaryField(max_length=None, **options)¶
A field to store raw binary data. It can be assigned bytes,
bytearray, or memoryview.
By default, BinaryField sets editable to False, in which
case it can’t be included in a ModelForm.
-
BinaryField.max_length¶ Optional. The maximum length (in bytes) of the field. The maximum length is enforced in Django’s validation using
MaxLengthValidator.
BinaryField を誤用する
ファイルをデータベース内に保持したいと考えるかもしれませんが、これは 99% のケースで不適切な設計だということをよく考えてください。このフィールドは適切な static files の処理の代替では ありません.
BooleanField¶
-
class
BooleanField(**options)¶
true/false のフィールドです。
The default form widget for this field is CheckboxInput,
or NullBooleanSelect if null=True.
Field.default が定義されていないときの BooleanField のデフォルト値は None です。
CharField¶
-
class
CharField(max_length=None, **options)¶
小 – 大サイズの文字列のフィールドです。
多量のテキストを扱うときは TextField を使ってください。
このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは TextInput です。
CharField has the following extra arguments:
-
CharField.max_length¶ The maximum length (in characters) of the field. The
max_lengthis enforced at the database level and in Django’s validation usingMaxLengthValidator. It’s required for all database backends included with Django except PostgreSQL, which supports unlimitedVARCHARcolumns.注釈
複数のデータベースバックエンド間で使われるアプリケーションを作る場合は、いくつかのバックエンドで
max_lengthに制限があることに注意しなければなりません。詳しくは database backend notes を参照してください。Changed in Django 4.2:Support for unlimited
VARCHARcolumns was added on PostgreSQL.
-
CharField.db_collation¶ Optional. The database collation name of the field.
注釈
Collation names are not standardized. As such, this will not be portable across multiple database backends.
Oracle
Oracle supports collations only when the
MAX_STRING_SIZEdatabase initialization parameter is set toEXTENDED.
DateField¶
-
class
DateField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)¶
Python で datetime.date インスタンスによって表される日付です。多少の追加的な省略可能な引数を持ちます:
-
DateField.auto_now¶ オブジェクトが保存される度に自動的に現在の日付をセットします。"最後の変更" タイムスタンプに役立ちます。現在の日付が常に使われる点に注意してください; オーバーライドできる単なるデフォルト値ではありません。
Model.save()が呼ばれたとき、フィールドは自動的に更新されるだけです。QuerySet.update()のような別の方法で他のフィールドに更新を加えるとき、フィールドは更新されません。あのように更新の中でフィールドの独自の値を指定できるとしてもです。
-
DateField.auto_now_add¶ オブジェクトが最初に作成されるとき、自動的にフィールドに現在の日付をセットします。タイムスタンプの作成に役立ちます。現在の日付が 常に 使われる点に注意してください; オーバーライドできる単なるデフォルト値ではありません。たとえオブジェクトを作成するときに値をセットしたとしても無視されます。このフィールドを修正できるようにしておきたい場合は、
auto_now_add=Trueの代わりに以下をセットしてください:DateFieldに対して:default=date.today–datetime.date.today()よりDateTimeFieldに対して:default=timezone.now–django.utils.timezone.now()より
The default form widget for this field is a
DateInput. The admin adds a JavaScript calendar,
and a shortcut for "Today". Includes an additional invalid_date error
message key.
オプション auto_now_add、auto_now、default` は相互に排他的です。これらのオプションを組み合わせるとエラーが発生します。
注釈
現在実装されているように、auto_now や auto_now_add を True にセットすると、フィールドは editable=False と blank=True にセットされます。
注釈
The auto_now and auto_now_add options will always use the date in
the default timezone at the moment of
creation or update. If you need something different, you may want to
consider using your own callable default or overriding save() instead
of using auto_now or auto_now_add; or using a DateTimeField
instead of a DateField and deciding how to handle the conversion from
datetime to date at display time.
DateTimeField¶
-
class
DateTimeField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)¶
Python で datetime.datetime インスタンスによって表される日付と時刻です。DateField と同じくいくつかの追加的な引数を持ちます:
The default form widget for this field is a single
DateTimeInput. The admin uses two separate
TextInput widgets with JavaScript shortcuts.
DecimalField¶
-
class
DecimalField(max_digits=None, decimal_places=None, **options)¶
A fixed-precision decimal number, represented in Python by a
Decimal instance. It validates the input using
DecimalValidator.
Has the following required arguments:
-
DecimalField.max_digits¶ 数値内で使える桁数の最大値です。
decimal_places以上でなければならない点に注意してください。
-
DecimalField.decimal_places¶ 数値とともに保持される小数点以下の位の数です。
For example, to store numbers up to 999.99 with a resolution of 2 decimal
places, you’d use:
models.DecimalField(..., max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
小数点以下第10位の精度で約10億までを保持するには:
models.DecimalField(..., max_digits=19, decimal_places=10)
このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは、localize が False のとき NumberInput で、そうでなければ TextInput となります。
注釈
For more information about the differences between the
FloatField and DecimalField classes, please
see FloatField vs. DecimalField. You
should also be aware of SQLite limitations
of decimal fields.
DurationField¶
-
class
DurationField(**options)¶
時刻の期間を保持するフィールドで、 Python の timedelta によってモデル化されます。PostgreSQL で使われるときに用いられるデータ型は interval で、Oracle でのデータ型は INTERVAL DAY(9) TO SECOND(6)``です。 それ以外では、マイクロ秒の ``bigint が使われます。
注釈
DurationField での演算はほとんどの場合で機能します。ただし、PostgreSQL 以外のデータベースでは、DurationField の値と DateTimeField インスタンス上の演算を比較することは期待通りに機能しません。
EmailField¶
-
class
EmailField(max_length=254, **options)¶
A CharField that checks that the value is a valid email address using
EmailValidator.
FileField¶
-
class
FileField(upload_to=”, storage=None, max_length=100, **options)¶
ファイルアップロードのフィールドです。
注釈
The primary_key argument isn’t supported and will raise an error if
used.
Has the following optional arguments:
-
FileField.upload_to¶ この属性は、アップロードディレクトリとファイル名を設定する方法を提供し、2 つの方法でセットできます。どちらの場合も、値は
Storage.save()メソッドに渡されます。If you specify a string value or a
Path, it may containstrftime()formatting, which will be replaced by the date/time of the file upload (so that uploaded files don’t fill up the given directory). For example:class MyModel(models.Model): # file will be uploaded to MEDIA_ROOT/uploads upload = models.FileField(upload_to="uploads/") # or... # file will be saved to MEDIA_ROOT/uploads/2015/01/30 upload = models.FileField(upload_to="uploads/%Y/%m/%d/")
If you are using the default
FileSystemStorage, the string value will be appended to yourMEDIA_ROOTpath to form the location on the local filesystem where uploaded files will be stored. If you are using a different storage, check that storage’s documentation to see how it handlesupload_to.upload_tomay also be a callable, such as a function. This will be called to obtain the upload path, including the filename. This callable must accept two arguments and return a Unix-style path (with forward slashes) to be passed along to the storage system. The two arguments are:Argument 説明 instanceAn instance of the model where the
FileFieldis defined. More specifically, this is the particular instance where the current file is being attached.In most cases, this object will not have been saved to the database yet, so if it uses the default
AutoField, it might not yet have a value for its primary key field.filenameThe filename that was originally given to the file. This may or may not be taken into account when determining the final destination path. 例:
def user_directory_path(instance, filename): # file will be uploaded to MEDIA_ROOT/user_<id>/<filename> return "user_{0}/{1}".format(instance.user.id, filename) class MyModel(models.Model): upload = models.FileField(upload_to=user_directory_path)
-
FileField.storage¶ A storage object, or a callable which returns a storage object. This handles the storage and retrieval of your files. See ファイルの管理 for details on how to provide this object.
このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは ClearableFileInput です。
モデル内で a FileField や ImageField (後述) 使うにはいくつかのステップを取ります:
- 設定ファイル内で
MEDIA_ROOTを指定します。この値は、 Django がアップロードされたファイルを置く場所にします (パフォーマンス上の理由から、ファイルをデータベースに置くことはありません)。MEDIA_URLをそのディレクトリの公開 URL にします。ディレクトリは Web サーバのユーザアカウントに対して書き込み可能にしておかねばなりません。 - Add the
FileFieldorImageFieldto your model, defining theupload_tooption to specify a subdirectory ofMEDIA_ROOTto use for uploaded files. - All that will be stored in your database is a path to the file
(relative to
MEDIA_ROOT). You’ll most likely want to use the convenienceurlattribute provided by Django. For example, if yourImageFieldis calledmug_shot, you can get the absolute path to your image in a template with{{ object.mug_shot.url }}.
For example, say your MEDIA_ROOT is set to '/home/media', and
upload_to is set to 'photos/%Y/%m/%d'. The '%Y/%m/%d'
part of upload_to is strftime() formatting;
'%Y' is the four-digit year, '%m' is the two-digit month and '%d' is
the two-digit day. If you upload a file on Jan. 15, 2007, it will be saved in
the directory /home/media/photos/2007/01/15.
If you wanted to retrieve the uploaded file’s on-disk filename, or the file’s
size, you could use the name and
size attributes respectively; for more
information on the available attributes and methods, see the
File class reference and the ファイルの管理
topic guide.
注釈
The file is saved as part of saving the model in the database, so the actual file name used on disk cannot be relied on until after the model has been saved.
The uploaded file’s relative URL can be obtained using the
url attribute. Internally,
this calls the url() method of the
underlying Storage class.
Note that whenever you deal with uploaded files, you should pay close attention to where you’re uploading them and what type of files they are, to avoid security holes. Validate all uploaded files so that you’re sure the files are what you think they are. For example, if you blindly let somebody upload files, without validation, to a directory that’s within your web server’s document root, then somebody could upload a CGI or PHP script and execute that script by visiting its URL on your site. Don’t allow that.
Also note that even an uploaded HTML file, since it can be executed by the browser (though not by the server), can pose security threats that are equivalent to XSS or CSRF attacks.
FileField instances are created in your database as varchar
columns with a default max length of 100 characters. As with other fields, you
can change the maximum length using the max_length argument.
FileField と FieldFile¶
-
class
FieldFile¶
モデル上の FileField にアクセスするとき、元となるファイルにアアクセスするためのプロキシとして、FieldFile のインスタンスが与えられます。
FieldFile の API は File の API を反映していますが、主な違いが 1 つあります: クラスによってラップされたオブジェクトは必ずしも Python のビルトインのファイルオブジェクトのラッパーであるとは限りません。 代わりに、Storage.open() メソッドの結果を包むラッパーで、これは File オブジェクトもしくは File API の独自ストレージの実装となります。
In addition to the API inherited from File such as
read() and write(), FieldFile includes several methods that
can be used to interact with the underlying file:
-
FieldFile.name¶
関連する FileField の Storage のルートからの相対パスを含むファイル名です。
-
FieldFile.path¶
A read-only property to access the file’s local filesystem path by calling the
path() method of the underlying
Storage class.
-
FieldFile.size¶
元となる Storage.size() メソッドの結果です。
-
FieldFile.url¶
元となる Storage クラス の url() メソッドを呼ぶことによって、ファイルの相対 URL にアクセスするための読み取り専用プロパティです。
-
FieldFile.open(mode=‘rb’)¶
このインスタンスに関連付けられたファイルを、指定された モード で開くか、開き直します。標準の Python の open() メソッドとは違い、ファイルのデスクリプタを返しません。
元となるファイルはアクセスするときに暗黙的に開かれるので、元となるファイルにポインタをリセットするためか モード を変更するため以外には、このメソッドを呼ぶ必要はないでしょう。
-
FieldFile.close()¶
標準の Python の file.close() メソッドのように動作し、このインスタンスに関連付けられたファイルを閉じます。
-
FieldFile.save(name, content, save=True)¶
このメソッドは、ファイル名とファイルの内容を取り、それらをフィールドのストレージクラスに渡し、格納されたファイルをモデルフィールドに関連付けます。 手動でファイルデータをモデル上の FileField インスタンスに関連付けるには、 save() メソッドを使用してそのファイルデータを保持します。
2 つの必要な引数をとります: name はファイルの名前で、content はファイルの内容を含むオブジェクトです。 省略可能な save 引数は、このフィールドに関連付けられたファイルが変更された後にモデルインスタンスが保存されるかどうかをコントロールします。 デフォルトは True です。
content 引数は、Python のビルトインのファイルオブジェクトではなく、django.core.files.File のインスタンスでなければならないことに注意してください。 以下のように、既存の Python ファイルオブジェクトから File を構築することができます:
from django.core.files import File
# Open an existing file using Python's built-in open()
f = open("/path/to/hello.world")
myfile = File(f)
もしくは、以下のように Python の文字列から構築することもできます:
from django.core.files.base import ContentFile
myfile = ContentFile("hello world")
より詳しくは ファイルの管理 をご覧ください。
-
FieldFile.delete(save=True)¶
このインスタンスに関連付けられているファイルを削除し、フィールドのすべての属性をクリアします。 注: このメソッドは、delete() が呼び出されたときにファイルが開いた場合、ファイルを閉じます。
省略可能な save 引数は、このフィールドに関連付けられたファイルが削除された後にモデルインスタンスを保存するかどうかをコントロールします。 デフォルトは True です。
モデルを削除するとき、関連ファイルは削除されない点に注意してください。 孤立したファイルをクリーンアップする必要がある場合、自分で処理する必要があります (例えば、手動で実行したり、例えば cron などを通して定期的に実行される、独自の管理コマンドです)。
FilePathField¶
-
class
FilePathField(path=”, match=None, recursive=False, allow_files=True, allow_folders=False, max_length=100, **options)¶
A CharField whose choices are limited to the filenames in a certain
directory on the filesystem. Has some special arguments, of which the first is
required:
-
FilePathField.path¶ 必須です。
FilePathFieldが選択肢から取得するディレクトリへの、ファイルシステムの絶対パスです。例:"/home/images"。pathmay also be a callable, such as a function to dynamically set the path at runtime. Example:import os from django.conf import settings from django.db import models def images_path(): return os.path.join(settings.LOCAL_FILE_DIR, "images") class MyModel(models.Model): file = models.FilePathField(path=images_path)
-
FilePathField.match¶ 省略可能です。正規表現で、文字列として、
FilePathFieldがファイル名をフィルタリングするために使用します。 正規表現は、フルパスではなくベースファイル名に適用される点に注意してください。 例:"foo.*\.txt$"。これはfoo23.txtとは合致しますが、bar.txtやfoo23.pngとは合致しません。
-
FilePathField.recursive¶ 省略可能です。
TrueかFalseのどちらかを取り、デフォルトはFalseです。pathの全てのサブディレクトリを含むかどうかを指定します。
-
FilePathField.allow_files¶ 省略可能です。
TrueかFalseを取り、デフォルトはTrueです。指定された場所にあるファイルを含むかどうかを指定します。 これかallow_foldersのどちらかをTrueにする必要があります。
-
FilePathField.allow_folders¶ 省略可能です。
TrueかFalseを取り、デフォルトはFalseです。指定した場所にあるフォルダーを含むかどうかを指定します。これかallow_filesのどちらかをTrueにする必要があります。
1つの可能性は、フルパスではなく、ベースファイル名に match が適用されることです。 したがって、この例:
FilePathField(path="/home/images", match="foo.*", recursive=True)
…は、/home/images/foo/bar.png ではなく /home/images/foo.png とマッチします。これは、match がベースのファイル名に適用されるからです (foo.png と bar.png)。
FilePathField のインスタンスは、デフォルトが最大 100 文字の varchar カラムとして、データベース上に生成されます。他のフィールドと同様に、max_length 引数を使って最大文字数を変更することができます。
FloatField¶
-
class
FloatField(**options)¶
float インスタンスによって表される Python の浮動小数点数です。
このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは、localize が False のとき NumberInput で、そうでなければ TextInput となります。
FloatField と DecimalField の比較
FloatField クラスは、DecimalField クラスと混同されることがあります。両方とも実数を表しますが、異なる方法で表現しています。FloatField は内部的には Python の float 型を使い、DecimalField は Python の Decimal 型を使います。この 2 つの違いについては、 Python のドキュメント decimal module を参照してください。
GenericIPAddressField¶
-
class
GenericIPAddressField(protocol=‘both’, unpack_ipv4=False, **options)¶
IPv4 か IPv6 のアドレスで、文字列フォーマットです (例: 192.0.2.30 ないし 2a02:42fe::4)。このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは TextInput です。
IPv6 アドレスは、 RFC 4291#section-2.2 section 2.2 (同セクションの paragraph 3 で提案された IPv4 のフォーマットの使用を含む) にしたがって、 ::ffff:192.0.2.0 のように正規化します。たとえば、 2001:0::0:01 は 2001::1 と正規化され、 ::ffff:0a0a:0a0a は ::ffff:10.10.10.10 と正規化されます。そして、すべての文字は小文字に変換されます。
-
GenericIPAddressField.protocol¶ 有効なインプットを、指定したプロトコルに制限します。 使用可能な値は
'both'(デフォルト)、'IPv4'、'IPv6'のどれかです。マッチングは大文字と小文字を区別しません。
-
GenericIPAddressField.unpack_ipv4¶ IPv4 にマッピングされた
::ffff:192.0.2.1のようなアドレスをアンパックします。このオプションを有効にすると、このアドレスは192.0.2.1とアンパックされます。デフォルトは無効です。protocolが'both'に設定されている場合にだけ使用できます。
ブランク値を要する場合、ブランク値は null として保持されるため、null 値を許容する必要があります。
ImageField¶
-
class
ImageField(upload_to=None, height_field=None, width_field=None, max_length=100, **options)¶
FileField から全ての属性とメソッドを継承して、さらにアップロードされたオブジェクトが有効な画像であることを検証します。
FileField で使える専用の属性に加えて、ImageField には height と width 属性があります。
To facilitate querying on those attributes, ImageField has the
following optional arguments:
-
ImageField.height_field¶ モデルインスタンスが保存される度に画像の高さで自動入力される、モデルフィールドの名前です。
-
ImageField.width_field¶ モデルインスタンスが保存される度に画像の幅で自動入力される、モデルフィールドの名前です。
Pillow ライブラリを必要とします。
ImageField のインスタンスは、デフォルトが最大 100 文字の varchar カラムとして、データベース上に生成されます。他のフィールドと同様に、max_length 引数を使って最大文字数を変更することができます。
このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは ClearableFileInput です。
IntegerField¶
-
class
IntegerField(**options)¶
An integer. Values from -2147483648 to 2147483647 are safe in all
databases supported by Django.
It uses MinValueValidator and
MaxValueValidator to validate the input based
on the values that the default database supports.
このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは、localize が False のとき NumberInput で、そうでなければ TextInput となります。
JSONField¶
-
class
JSONField(encoder=None, decoder=None, **options)¶
A field for storing JSON encoded data. In Python the data is represented in its
Python native format: dictionaries, lists, strings, numbers, booleans and
None.
JSONField is supported on MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and SQLite
(with the JSON1 extension enabled).
-
JSONField.encoder¶ An optional
json.JSONEncodersubclass to serialize data types not supported by the standard JSON serializer (e.g.datetime.datetimeorUUID). For example, you can use theDjangoJSONEncoderclass.Defaults to
json.JSONEncoder.
-
JSONField.decoder¶ An optional
json.JSONDecodersubclass to deserialize the value retrieved from the database. The value will be in the format chosen by the custom encoder (most often a string). Your deserialization may need to account for the fact that you can’t be certain of the input type. For example, you run the risk of returning adatetimethat was actually a string that just happened to be in the same format chosen fordatetimes.Defaults to
json.JSONDecoder.
To query JSONField in the database, see Querying JSONField.
Default value
If you give the field a default, ensure
it’s a callable such as the dict class or a function that
returns a fresh object each time. Incorrectly using a mutable object like
default={} or default=[] creates a mutable default that is shared
between all instances.
Indexing
Index and Field.db_index both create a
B-tree index, which isn’t particularly helpful when querying JSONField.
On PostgreSQL only, you can use
GinIndex that is better suited.
PostgreSQL users
PostgreSQL has two native JSON based data types: json and jsonb.
The main difference between them is how they are stored and how they can be
queried. PostgreSQL’s json field is stored as the original string
representation of the JSON and must be decoded on the fly when queried
based on keys. The jsonb field is stored based on the actual structure
of the JSON which allows indexing. The trade-off is a small additional cost
on writing to the jsonb field. JSONField uses jsonb.
PositiveBigIntegerField¶
-
class
PositiveBigIntegerField(**options)¶
Like a PositiveIntegerField, but only allows values under a certain
(database-dependent) point. Values from 0 to 9223372036854775807 are
safe in all databases supported by Django.
PositiveIntegerField¶
-
class
PositiveIntegerField(**options)¶
IntegerField とほぼ同じですが、正の値かゼロ (0) でなければなりません。Django によってサポートされる全てのデータベースで、0 から 2147483647 までの値は安全です。後方互換性の理由から、値 0 が有効となっています。
PositiveSmallIntegerField¶
-
class
PositiveSmallIntegerField(**options)¶
PositiveIntegerField とほぼ同じですが、特定の (データベースに依存した) ポイントより下の値のみを許容します。Django でサポートされている全てのデータベースで、0 から 32767 までの値は安全です。
SlugField¶
-
class
SlugField(max_length=50, **options)¶
Slug is a newspaper term. A slug is a short label for something, containing only letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens. They’re generally used in URLs.
CharField のように、max_length を指定することもできます (データベースの可搬性についてのノートとそのセクションの max_length も参照してください)。max_length が指定されていないとき、Django はデフォルトの文字数 50 を使います。
暗黙的に Field.db_index を True にセットします。
It is often useful to automatically prepopulate a SlugField based on the value
of some other value. You can do this automatically in the admin using
prepopulated_fields.
It uses validate_slug or
validate_unicode_slug for validation.
-
SlugField.allow_unicode¶ If
True, the field accepts Unicode letters in addition to ASCII letters. Defaults toFalse.
SmallAutoField¶
-
class
SmallAutoField(**options)¶
Like an AutoField, but only allows values under a certain
(database-dependent) limit. Values from 1 to 32767 are safe in all
databases supported by Django.
SmallIntegerField¶
-
class
SmallIntegerField(**options)¶
IntegerField とほぼ同じですが、特定の (データベースに依存した) ポイントより下の値のみを許容します。Django でサポートされている全てのデータベースで、-32768 から 32767 までの値は安全です。
TextField¶
-
class
TextField(**options)¶
多量のテキストのフィールドです。このフィールドのデフォルトのフォームウィジェットは Textarea です。
max_length 属性を指定した場合、自動生成されたフォームフィールドの Textarea ウィジェット内で反映されます。ただし、モデルやデータベースのレベルでは施行されません。そのためには CharField を使用してください。
-
TextField.db_collation¶ Optional. The database collation name of the field.
注釈
Collation names are not standardized. As such, this will not be portable across multiple database backends.
Oracle
Oracle does not support collations for a
TextField.
TimeField¶
-
class
TimeField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)¶
Python で datetime.time インスタンスによって表される時刻です。DateField と同じ自動入力されるオプションを受け入れます。
The default form widget for this field is a TimeInput.
The admin adds some JavaScript shortcuts.
URLField¶
-
class
URLField(max_length=200, **options)¶
A CharField for a URL, validated by
URLValidator.
The default form widget for this field is a URLInput.
全ての CharField サブクラスと同じく、URLField は省略可能な max_length 引数を取ります。max_length を指定しない場合、デフォルトの 200 が使われます。
UUIDField¶
-
class
UUIDField(**options)¶
UUID (Universally Unique Identifier) を保持するためのフィールドです。Python’s UUID クラスを使います。 PostgreSQL 上で使われるとき、uuid データ型の中に保持します。それ以外は char(32) の中に保持します。
UUID は primary_key に代わる AutoField への良い選択肢です。 データベースはあなたのための UUID を生成しないため、 default を使うことが推奨されます:
import uuid
from django.db import models
class MyUUIDModel(models.Model):
id = models.UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4, editable=False)
# other fields
Callable (括弧が省略されている場合) は UUID のインスタンスではなく、default に渡されます。
Lookups on PostgreSQL
Using iexact, contains, icontains,
startswith, istartswith, endswith, or
iendswith lookups on PostgreSQL don’t work for values without
hyphens, because PostgreSQL stores them in a hyphenated uuid datatype type.
リレーションシップフィールド¶
Djangoは、リレーションを表すフィールドのセットも定義しています。
ForeignKey¶
-
class
ForeignKey(to, on_delete, **options)¶
A many-to-one relationship. Requires two positional arguments: the class to
which the model is related and the on_delete option.
To create a recursive relationship — an object that has a many-to-one
relationship with itself — use models.ForeignKey('self',
on_delete=models.CASCADE).
If you need to create a relationship on a model that has not yet been defined, you can use the name of the model, rather than the model object itself:
from django.db import models
class Car(models.Model):
manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(
"Manufacturer",
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
)
# ...
class Manufacturer(models.Model):
# ...
pass
Relationships defined this way on abstract models are resolved when the model is subclassed as a
concrete model and are not relative to the abstract model’s app_label:
products/models.py¶from django.db import models
class AbstractCar(models.Model):
manufacturer = models.ForeignKey("Manufacturer", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
class Meta:
abstract = True
production/models.py¶from django.db import models
from products.models import AbstractCar
class Manufacturer(models.Model):
pass
class Car(AbstractCar):
pass
# Car.manufacturer will point to `production.Manufacturer` here.
To refer to models defined in another application, you can explicitly specify
a model with the full application label. For example, if the Manufacturer
model above is defined in another application called production, you’d
need to use:
class Car(models.Model):
manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(
"production.Manufacturer",
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
)
This sort of reference, called a lazy relationship, can be useful when resolving circular import dependencies between two applications.
A database index is automatically created on the ForeignKey. You can
disable this by setting db_index to False. You may want to
avoid the overhead of an index if you are creating a foreign key for
consistency rather than joins, or if you will be creating an alternative index
like a partial or multiple column index.
Database Representation¶
Behind the scenes, Django appends "_id" to the field name to create its
database column name. In the above example, the database table for the Car
model will have a manufacturer_id column. (You can change this explicitly by
specifying db_column) However, your code should never have to
deal with the database column name, unless you write custom SQL. You’ll always
deal with the field names of your model object.
引数¶
ForeignKey accepts other arguments that define the details of how the
relation works.
-
ForeignKey.on_delete¶ When an object referenced by a
ForeignKeyis deleted, Django will emulate the behavior of the SQL constraint specified by theon_deleteargument. For example, if you have a nullableForeignKeyand you want it to be set null when the referenced object is deleted:user = models.ForeignKey( User, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True, )
on_deletedoesn’t create an SQL constraint in the database. Support for database-level cascade options may be implemented later.
The possible values for on_delete are found in
django.db.models:
-
CASCADE¶ Cascade deletes. Django emulates the behavior of the SQL constraint ON DELETE CASCADE and also deletes the object containing the ForeignKey.
Model.delete()isn’t called on related models, but thepre_deleteandpost_deletesignals are sent for all deleted objects.
-
-
PROTECT¶ Prevent deletion of the referenced object by raising
ProtectedError, a subclass ofdjango.db.IntegrityError.
-
-
RESTRICT¶ Prevent deletion of the referenced object by raising
RestrictedError(a subclass ofdjango.db.IntegrityError). UnlikePROTECT, deletion of the referenced object is allowed if it also references a different object that is being deleted in the same operation, but via aCASCADErelationship.以下のような一連のモデルを考えていきましょう:
class Artist(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=10) class Album(models.Model): artist = models.ForeignKey(Artist, on_delete=models.CASCADE) class Song(models.Model): artist = models.ForeignKey(Artist, on_delete=models.CASCADE) album = models.ForeignKey(Album, on_delete=models.RESTRICT)
Artistcan be deleted even if that implies deleting anAlbumwhich is referenced by aSong, becauseSongalso referencesArtistitself through a cascading relationship. For example:>>> artist_one = Artist.objects.create(name="artist one") >>> artist_two = Artist.objects.create(name="artist two") >>> album_one = Album.objects.create(artist=artist_one) >>> album_two = Album.objects.create(artist=artist_two) >>> song_one = Song.objects.create(artist=artist_one, album=album_one) >>> song_two = Song.objects.create(artist=artist_one, album=album_two) >>> album_one.delete() # Raises RestrictedError. >>> artist_two.delete() # Raises RestrictedError. >>> artist_one.delete() (4, {'Song': 2, 'Album': 1, 'Artist': 1})
-
-
SET_NULL¶ Set the
ForeignKeynull; this is only possible ifnullisTrue.
-
-
SET_DEFAULT¶ Set the
ForeignKeyto its default value; a default for theForeignKeymust be set.
-
-
SET()¶ Set the
ForeignKeyto the value passed toSET(), or if a callable is passed in, the result of calling it. In most cases, passing a callable will be necessary to avoid executing queries at the time yourmodels.pyis imported:from django.conf import settings from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model from django.db import models def get_sentinel_user(): return get_user_model().objects.get_or_create(username="deleted")[0] class MyModel(models.Model): user = models.ForeignKey( settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, on_delete=models.SET(get_sentinel_user), )
-
-
DO_NOTHING¶ Take no action. If your database backend enforces referential integrity, this will cause an
IntegrityErrorunless you manually add an SQLON DELETEconstraint to the database field.
-
-
ForeignKey.limit_choices_to¶ Sets a limit to the available choices for this field when this field is rendered using a
ModelFormor the admin (by default, all objects in the queryset are available to choose). Either a dictionary, aQobject, or a callable returning a dictionary orQobject can be used.例:
staff_member = models.ForeignKey( User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={"is_staff": True}, )
causes the corresponding field on the
ModelFormto list onlyUsersthat haveis_staff=True. This may be helpful in the Django admin.The callable form can be helpful, for instance, when used in conjunction with the Python
datetimemodule to limit selections by date range. For example:def limit_pub_date_choices(): return {"pub_date__lte": datetime.date.today()} limit_choices_to = limit_pub_date_choices
If
limit_choices_tois or returns aQ object, which is useful for complex queries, then it will only have an effect on the choices available in the admin when the field is not listed inraw_id_fieldsin theModelAdminfor the model.注釈
If a callable is used for
limit_choices_to, it will be invoked every time a new form is instantiated. It may also be invoked when a model is validated, for example by management commands or the admin. The admin constructs querysets to validate its form inputs in various edge cases multiple times, so there is a possibility your callable may be invoked several times.
-
ForeignKey.related_name¶ The name to use for the relation from the related object back to this one. It’s also the default value for
related_query_name(the name to use for the reverse filter name from the target model). See the related objects documentation for a full explanation and example. Note that you must set this value when defining relations on abstract models; and when you do so some special syntax is available.If you’d prefer Django not to create a backwards relation, set
related_nameto'+'or end it with'+'. For example, this will ensure that theUsermodel won’t have a backwards relation to this model:user = models.ForeignKey( User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="+", )
-
ForeignKey.related_query_name¶ The name to use for the reverse filter name from the target model. It defaults to the value of
related_nameordefault_related_nameif set, otherwise it defaults to the name of the model:# Declare the ForeignKey with related_query_name class Tag(models.Model): article = models.ForeignKey( Article, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="tags", related_query_name="tag", ) name = models.CharField(max_length=255) # That's now the name of the reverse filter Article.objects.filter(tag__name="important")
Like
related_name,related_query_namesupports app label and class interpolation via some special syntax.
-
ForeignKey.to_field¶ The field on the related object that the relation is to. By default, Django uses the primary key of the related object. If you reference a different field, that field must have
unique=True.
-
ForeignKey.db_constraint¶ Controls whether or not a constraint should be created in the database for this foreign key. The default is
True, and that’s almost certainly what you want; setting this toFalsecan be very bad for data integrity. That said, here are some scenarios where you might want to do this:- You have legacy data that is not valid.
- You’re sharding your database.
If this is set to
False, accessing a related object that doesn’t exist will raise itsDoesNotExistexception.
-
ForeignKey.swappable¶ Controls the migration framework’s reaction if this
ForeignKeyis pointing at a swappable model. If it isTrue– the default – then if theForeignKeyis pointing at a model which matches the current value ofsettings.AUTH_USER_MODEL(or another swappable model setting) the relationship will be stored in the migration using a reference to the setting, not to the model directly.You only want to override this to be
Falseif you are sure your model should always point toward the swapped-in model – for example, if it is a profile model designed specifically for your custom user model.Setting it to
Falsedoes not mean you can reference a swappable model even if it is swapped out –Falsemeans that the migrations made with this ForeignKey will always reference the exact model you specify (so it will fail hard if the user tries to run with a User model you don’t support, for example).If in doubt, leave it to its default of
True.
ManyToManyField¶
-
class
ManyToManyField(to, **options)¶
A many-to-many relationship. Requires a positional argument: the class to
which the model is related, which works exactly the same as it does for
ForeignKey, including recursive and
lazy relationships.
Related objects can be added, removed, or created with the field’s
RelatedManager.
Database Representation¶
Behind the scenes, Django creates an intermediary join table to represent the
many-to-many relationship. By default, this table name is generated using the
name of the many-to-many field and the name of the table for the model that
contains it. Since some databases don’t support table names above a certain
length, these table names will be automatically truncated and a uniqueness hash
will be used, e.g. author_books_9cdf. You can manually provide the name of
the join table using the db_table option.
引数¶
ManyToManyField accepts an extra set of arguments — all optional —
that control how the relationship functions.
-
ManyToManyField.related_name¶ Same as
ForeignKey.related_name.
-
ManyToManyField.related_query_name¶ Same as
ForeignKey.related_query_name.
-
ManyToManyField.limit_choices_to¶ Same as
ForeignKey.limit_choices_to.
-
ManyToManyField.symmetrical¶ Only used in the definition of ManyToManyFields on self. Consider the following model:
from django.db import models class Person(models.Model): friends = models.ManyToManyField("self")
When Django processes this model, it identifies that it has a
ManyToManyFieldon itself, and as a result, it doesn’t add aperson_setattribute to thePersonclass. Instead, theManyToManyFieldis assumed to be symmetrical — that is, if I am your friend, then you are my friend.If you do not want symmetry in many-to-many relationships with
self, setsymmetricaltoFalse. This will force Django to add the descriptor for the reverse relationship, allowingManyToManyFieldrelationships to be non-symmetrical.
-
ManyToManyField.through¶ Django will automatically generate a table to manage many-to-many relationships. However, if you want to manually specify the intermediary table, you can use the
throughoption to specify the Django model that represents the intermediate table that you want to use.The most common use for this option is when you want to associate extra data with a many-to-many relationship.
注釈
If you don’t want multiple associations between the same instances, add a
UniqueConstraintincluding the from and to fields. Django’s automatically generated many-to-many tables include such a constraint.注釈
Recursive relationships using an intermediary model can’t determine the reverse accessors names, as they would be the same. You need to set a
related_nameto at least one of them. If you’d prefer Django not to create a backwards relation, setrelated_nameto'+'.If you don’t specify an explicit
throughmodel, there is still an implicitthroughmodel class you can use to directly access the table created to hold the association. It has three fields to link the models.If the source and target models differ, the following fields are generated:
id: the primary key of the relation.<containing_model>_id: theidof the model that declares theManyToManyField.<other_model>_id: theidof the model that theManyToManyFieldpoints to.
If the
ManyToManyFieldpoints from and to the same model, the following fields are generated:id: the primary key of the relation.from_<model>_id: theidof the instance which points at the model (i.e. the source instance).to_<model>_id: theidof the instance to which the relationship points (i.e. the target model instance).
This class can be used to query associated records for a given model instance like a normal model:
Model.m2mfield.through.objects.all()
-
ManyToManyField.through_fields¶ Only used when a custom intermediary model is specified. Django will normally determine which fields of the intermediary model to use in order to establish a many-to-many relationship automatically. However, consider the following models:
from django.db import models class Person(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) class Group(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=128) members = models.ManyToManyField( Person, through="Membership", through_fields=("group", "person"), ) class Membership(models.Model): group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE) person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE) inviter = models.ForeignKey( Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="membership_invites", ) invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64)
Membershiphas two foreign keys toPerson(personandinviter), which makes the relationship ambiguous and Django can’t know which one to use. In this case, you must explicitly specify which foreign keys Django should use usingthrough_fields, as in the example above.through_fieldsaccepts a 2-tuple('field1', 'field2'), wherefield1is the name of the foreign key to the model theManyToManyFieldis defined on (groupin this case), andfield2the name of the foreign key to the target model (personin this case).When you have more than one foreign key on an intermediary model to any (or even both) of the models participating in a many-to-many relationship, you must specify
through_fields. This also applies to recursive relationships when an intermediary model is used and there are more than two foreign keys to the model, or you want to explicitly specify which two Django should use.
-
ManyToManyField.db_table¶ The name of the table to create for storing the many-to-many data. If this is not provided, Django will assume a default name based upon the names of: the table for the model defining the relationship and the name of the field itself.
-
ManyToManyField.db_constraint¶ Controls whether or not constraints should be created in the database for the foreign keys in the intermediary table. The default is
True, and that’s almost certainly what you want; setting this toFalsecan be very bad for data integrity. That said, here are some scenarios where you might want to do this:- You have legacy data that is not valid.
- You’re sharding your database.
It is an error to pass both
db_constraintandthrough.
-
ManyToManyField.swappable¶ Controls the migration framework’s reaction if this
ManyToManyFieldis pointing at a swappable model. If it isTrue– the default – then if theManyToManyFieldis pointing at a model which matches the current value ofsettings.AUTH_USER_MODEL(or another swappable model setting) the relationship will be stored in the migration using a reference to the setting, not to the model directly.You only want to override this to be
Falseif you are sure your model should always point toward the swapped-in model – for example, if it is a profile model designed specifically for your custom user model.If in doubt, leave it to its default of
True.
ManyToManyField does not support validators.
null has no effect since there is no way to require a
relationship at the database level.
OneToOneField¶
-
class
OneToOneField(to, on_delete, parent_link=False, **options)¶
A one-to-one relationship. Conceptually, this is similar to a
ForeignKey with unique=True, but the
"reverse" side of the relation will directly return a single object.
This is most useful as the primary key of a model which "extends" another model in some way; 複数テーブルの継承 is implemented by adding an implicit one-to-one relation from the child model to the parent model, for example.
One positional argument is required: the class to which the model will be
related. This works exactly the same as it does for ForeignKey,
including all the options regarding recursive
and lazy relationships.
If you do not specify the related_name argument for the
OneToOneField, Django will use the lowercase name of the current model as
default value.
With the following example:
from django.conf import settings
from django.db import models
class MySpecialUser(models.Model):
user = models.OneToOneField(
settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
)
supervisor = models.OneToOneField(
settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
related_name="supervisor_of",
)
your resulting User model will have the following attributes:
>>> user = User.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> hasattr(user, "myspecialuser")
True
>>> hasattr(user, "supervisor_of")
True
A RelatedObjectDoesNotExist exception is raised when accessing the reverse
relationship if an entry in the related table doesn’t exist. This is a subclass
of the target model’s Model.DoesNotExist exception and can be accessed as an
attribute of the reverse accessor. For example, if a user doesn’t have a
supervisor designated by MySpecialUser:
try:
user.supervisor_of
except User.supervisor_of.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist:
pass
Additionally, OneToOneField accepts all of the extra arguments
accepted by ForeignKey, plus one extra argument:
-
OneToOneField.parent_link¶ When
Trueand used in a model which inherits from another concrete model, indicates that this field should be used as the link back to the parent class, rather than the extraOneToOneFieldwhich would normally be implicitly created by subclassing.
See One-to-one relationships for usage
examples of OneToOneField.
Field API reference¶
-
class
Field¶ Fieldis an abstract class that represents a database table column. Django uses fields to create the database table (db_type()), to map Python types to database (get_prep_value()) and vice-versa (from_db_value()).A field is thus a fundamental piece in different Django APIs, notably,
modelsandquerysets.In models, a field is instantiated as a class attribute and represents a particular table column, see モデル. It has attributes such as
nullandunique, and methods that Django uses to map the field value to database-specific values.A
Fieldis a subclass ofRegisterLookupMixinand thus bothTransformandLookupcan be registered on it to be used inQuerySets (e.g.field_name__exact="foo"). All built-in lookups are registered by default.All of Django’s built-in fields, such as
CharField, are particular implementations ofField. If you need a custom field, you can either subclass any of the built-in fields or write aFieldfrom scratch. In either case, see カスタムのモデルフィールドを作成する.-
description¶ A verbose description of the field, e.g. for the
django.contrib.admindocsapplication.The description can be of the form:
description = _("String (up to %(max_length)s)")
where the arguments are interpolated from the field’s
__dict__.
-
descriptor_class¶ A class implementing the descriptor protocol that is instantiated and assigned to the model instance attribute. The constructor must accept a single argument, the
Fieldinstance. Overriding this class attribute allows for customizing the get and set behavior.
To map a
Fieldto a database-specific type, Django exposes several methods:-
get_internal_type()¶ Returns a string naming this field for backend specific purposes. By default, it returns the class name.
See 組み込みフィールド・タイプのエミュレート for usage in custom fields.
-
db_type(connection)¶ Returns the database column data type for the
Field, taking into account theconnection.See カスタムデータベースタイプ for usage in custom fields.
-
rel_db_type(connection)¶ Returns the database column data type for fields such as
ForeignKeyandOneToOneFieldthat point to theField, taking into account theconnection.See カスタムデータベースタイプ for usage in custom fields.
There are three main situations where Django needs to interact with the database backend and fields:
- when it queries the database (Python value -> database backend value)
- when it loads data from the database (database backend value -> Python value)
- when it saves to the database (Python value -> database backend value)
When querying,
get_db_prep_value()andget_prep_value()are used:-
get_prep_value(value)¶ valueis the current value of the model’s attribute, and the method should return data in a format that has been prepared for use as a parameter in a query.See Python オブジェクトをクエリ変数に変換する for usage.
-
get_db_prep_value(value, connection, prepared=False)¶ Converts
valueto a backend-specific value. By default it returnsvalueifprepared=Trueandget_prep_value()if isFalse.See クエリの変数をデータベースの変数に変換する for usage.
When loading data,
from_db_value()is used:-
from_db_value(value, expression, connection)¶ Converts a value as returned by the database to a Python object. It is the reverse of
get_prep_value().This method is not used for most built-in fields as the database backend already returns the correct Python type, or the backend itself does the conversion.
expressionis the same asself.See 変数を Python オブジェクトに変換する for usage.
注釈
For performance reasons,
from_db_valueis not implemented as a no-op on fields which do not require it (all Django fields). Consequently you may not callsuperin your definition.
When saving,
pre_save()andget_db_prep_save()are used:-
get_db_prep_save(value, connection)¶ Same as the
get_db_prep_value(), but called when the field value must be saved to the database. By default returnsget_db_prep_value().
-
pre_save(model_instance, add)¶ Method called prior to
get_db_prep_save()to prepare the value before being saved (e.g. forDateField.auto_now).model_instanceis the instance this field belongs to andaddis whether the instance is being saved to the database for the first time.It should return the value of the appropriate attribute from
model_instancefor this field. The attribute name is inself.attname(this is set up byField).See 保存する前に前もって値を加工する場合 for usage.
Fields often receive their values as a different type, either from serialization or from forms.
-
to_python(value)¶ Converts the value into the correct Python object. It acts as the reverse of
value_to_string(), and is also called inclean().See 変数を Python オブジェクトに変換する for usage.
Besides saving to the database, the field also needs to know how to serialize its value:
-
value_from_object(obj)¶ Returns the field’s value for the given model instance.
This method is often used by
value_to_string().
-
value_to_string(obj)¶ Converts
objto a string. Used to serialize the value of the field.See シリアライズするためにフィールドデータを変換する場合 for usage.
When using
model forms, theFieldneeds to know which form field it should be represented by:-
formfield(form_class=None, choices_form_class=None, **kwargs)¶ Returns the default
django.forms.Fieldof this field forModelForm.By default, if both
form_classandchoices_form_classareNone, it usesCharField. If the field haschoicesandchoices_form_classisn’t specified, it usesTypedChoiceField.See モデルフィールドのフォームフィールドの指定 for usage.
-
deconstruct()¶ Returns a 4-tuple with enough information to recreate the field:
- The name of the field on the model.
- The import path of the field (e.g.
"django.db.models.IntegerField"). This should be the most portable version, so less specific may be better. - A list of positional arguments.
- A dict of keyword arguments.
This method must be added to fields prior to 1.7 to migrate its data using マイグレーション.
-
Registering and fetching lookups¶
Field implements the lookup registration API.
The API can be used to customize which lookups are available for a field class
and its instances, and how lookups are fetched from a field.
Support for registering lookups on Field
instances was added.
Field attribute reference¶
Every Field instance contains several attributes that allow
introspecting its behavior. Use these attributes instead of isinstance
checks when you need to write code that depends on a field’s functionality.
These attributes can be used together with the Model._meta API to narrow down a search for specific field types.
Custom model fields should implement these flags.
Attributes for fields¶
-
Field.auto_created¶ Boolean flag that indicates if the field was automatically created, such as the
OneToOneFieldused by model inheritance.
-
Field.concrete¶ Boolean flag that indicates if the field has a database column associated with it.
-
Field.hidden¶ Boolean flag that indicates if a field is used to back another non-hidden field’s functionality (e.g. the
content_typeandobject_idfields that make up aGenericForeignKey). Thehiddenflag is used to distinguish what constitutes the public subset of fields on the model from all the fields on the model.注釈
Options.get_fields()excludes hidden fields by default. Pass ininclude_hidden=Trueto return hidden fields in the results.
-
Field.is_relation¶ Boolean flag that indicates if a field contains references to one or more other models for its functionality (e.g.
ForeignKey,ManyToManyField,OneToOneField, etc.).
-
Field.model¶ Returns the model on which the field is defined. If a field is defined on a superclass of a model,
modelwill refer to the superclass, not the class of the instance.
Attributes for fields with relations¶
These attributes are used to query for the cardinality and other details of a
relation. These attribute are present on all fields; however, they will only
have boolean values (rather than None) if the field is a relation type
(Field.is_relation=True).
-
Field.many_to_many¶ Boolean flag that is
Trueif the field has a many-to-many relation;Falseotherwise. The only field included with Django where this isTrueisManyToManyField.
-
Field.many_to_one¶ Boolean flag that is
Trueif the field has a many-to-one relation, such as aForeignKey;Falseotherwise.
-
Field.one_to_many¶ Boolean flag that is
Trueif the field has a one-to-many relation, such as aGenericRelationor the reverse of aForeignKey;Falseotherwise.
-
Field.one_to_one¶ Boolean flag that is
Trueif the field has a one-to-one relation, such as aOneToOneField;Falseotherwise.
-
Field.related_model¶ Points to the model the field relates to. For example,
AuthorinForeignKey(Author, on_delete=models.CASCADE). Therelated_modelfor aGenericForeignKeyis alwaysNone.
追加的な情報
Support Django!
コンテンツ
- モデルフィールドリファレンス
- フィールドオプション
- フィールドの型
AutoFieldBigAutoFieldBigIntegerFieldBinaryFieldBooleanFieldCharFieldDateFieldDateTimeFieldDecimalFieldDurationFieldEmailFieldFileFieldFilePathFieldFloatFieldGenericIPAddressFieldImageFieldIntegerFieldJSONFieldPositiveBigIntegerFieldPositiveIntegerFieldPositiveSmallIntegerFieldSlugFieldSmallAutoFieldSmallIntegerFieldTextFieldTimeFieldURLFieldUUIDField
- リレーションシップフィールド
- Field API reference
- Registering and fetching lookups
- Field attribute reference
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