Menulis fungsi tindakan¶

First, we’ll need to write a function that gets called when the action is triggered from the admin. Action functions are regular functions that take three arguments:

• ModelAdmin saat ini

• Sebuah HttpRequest mewakili permintaan saat ini,

• Sebuah QuerySet mengandung sekumpulan dari obyek-obyek terpilih oleh pengguna.

Fungsi terbitan-artikel-ini kami tidak butuh ModelAdmin atau obyek permintaan, tetapi kami akan menggunakan queryset:

def make_published(modeladmin, request, queryset):
    queryset.update(status="p")

for obj in queryset:
    do_something_with(obj)

That’s actually all there is to writing an action! However, we’ll take one more optional-but-useful step and give the action a "nice" title in the admin. By default, this action would appear in the action list as "Make published" — the function name, with underscores replaced by spaces. That’s fine, but we can provide a better, more human-friendly name by using the action() decorator on the make_published function:

from django.contrib import admin

...


@admin.action(description="Mark selected stories as published")
def make_published(modeladmin, request, queryset):
    queryset.update(status="p")

Menambahkan tindakan pada ModelAdmin¶

Selanjutnya, kami akan butuh menginformasikan ModelAdmin kami dari tindakan. Ini bekerja seperti piliha konfigurasi lain apapun. Jadi, admin.py lengkap dengan tindakan dan pendaftarannya akan terlihat seperti:

from django.contrib import admin
from myapp.models import Article


@admin.action(description="Mark selected stories as published")
def make_published(modeladmin, request, queryset):
    queryset.update(status="p")


class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ["title", "status"]
    ordering = ["title"]
    actions = [make_published]


admin.site.register(Article, ArticleAdmin)

Kode akan memberikan kami sebuah daftar rubah admin yang terlihat sesuatu seperti ini:

That’s really all there is to it! If you’re itching to write your own actions, you now know enough to get started. The rest of this document covers more advanced techniques.

Penanganan kesalahan di tindakan¶

Jika ada kondisi kesalahan mendatang yang mungkin muncul selagi menjalankan tindakan anda, anda harus anggun menginformasikan pengguna dari masalah. Ini berarti menangani pengecualian dan menggunakan django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.message_user() untuk memperlihatkan gambaran yang ramah pengguna dari masalah di tanggapan.

Tindakan sebagai metode ModelAdmin¶

The example above shows the make_published action defined as a function. That’s perfectly fine, but it’s not perfect from a code design point of view: since the action is tightly coupled to the Article object, it makes sense to hook the action to the ArticleAdmin object itself.

Anda dapat melakukan itu seperti ini:

class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    ...

    actions = ["make_published"]

    @admin.action(description="Mark selected stories as published")
    def make_published(self, request, queryset):
        queryset.update(status="p")

Perhatikan pertama yang kami telah pindahkan make_published kedalam metode dan dinamai kembali parameter modeladmin pada self, dan kedua kami telah sekarang menaruh string 'make_published' dalam actions daripada acuan fungsi langsung. Ini mengatakan ModelAdmin untuk mencari tindakan sebagai sebuah metode.

Defining actions as methods gives the action more idiomatic access to the ModelAdmin itself, allowing the action to call any of the methods provided by the admin.

For example, we can use self to flash a message to the user informing them that the action was successful:

from django.contrib import messages
from django.utils.translation import ngettext


class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    ...

    def make_published(self, request, queryset):
        updated = queryset.update(status="p")
        self.message_user(
            request,
            ngettext(
                "%d story was successfully marked as published.",
                "%d stories were successfully marked as published.",
                updated,
            )
            % updated,
            messages.SUCCESS,
        )

Ini membuat tindakan cocok apa yang admin itu sendiri lakukan setelah berhasil melakukan sebuah tindakan:

Tindakan yang menyediakan halaman menengah¶

By default, after an action is performed the user is redirected back to the original change list page. However, some actions, especially more complex ones, will need to return intermediate pages. For example, the built-in delete action asks for confirmation before deleting the selected objects.

To provide an intermediary page, return an HttpResponse (or subclass) from your action. For example, you might write an export function that uses Django’s serialization functions to dump some selected objects as JSON:

from django.core import serializers
from django.http import HttpResponse


def export_as_json(modeladmin, request, queryset):
    response = HttpResponse(content_type="application/json")
    serializers.serialize("json", queryset, stream=response)
    return response

Generally, something like the above isn’t considered a great idea. Most of the time, the best practice will be to return an HttpResponseRedirect and redirect the user to a view you’ve written, passing the list of selected objects in the GET query string. This allows you to provide complex interaction logic on the intermediary pages. For example, if you wanted to provide a more complete export function, you’d want to let the user choose a format, and possibly a list of fields to include in the export. The best thing to do would be to write a small action that redirects to your custom export view:

from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect


def export_selected_objects(modeladmin, request, queryset):
    selected = queryset.values_list("pk", flat=True)
    ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(queryset.model)
    return HttpResponseRedirect(
        "/export/?ct=%s&ids=%s"
        % (
            ct.pk,
            ",".join(str(pk) for pk in selected),
        )
    )

As you can see, the action is rather short; all the complex logic would belong in your export view. This would need to deal with objects of any type, hence the business with the ContentType.

Meunlis tampilan ini adalah sisa dari sebuah latihan ke pembaca.

Membuat tindakan tersedia lebar-situs¶

AdminSite.add_action(action, name=None)[sumber]¶

Beberapa tindakan adalah terbaik jika mereka membuat tersedia pada setiap obyek di situs admin — tindakan ekspor ditentukan diatas akan menjadi calon bagus. Anda dapat membuat sebuah tindakan secara global tersedia menggunakan AdminSite.add_action(). Sebagai contoh:

from django.contrib import admin

admin.site.add_action(export_selected_objects)

Ini membuat tindakan export_selected_objects secara global tersedia sebagai sebuah tindakan bernama "export_selected_objects". Anda dapat dengan jelas memberikan tindakan sebuah nama — bagus jika anda kemudian ingin secara program remove the action — dengan melewatkan argumen kedua ke AdminSite.add_action():

admin.site.add_action(export_selected_objects, "export_selected")

Meniadakan tindakan¶

Terkadang anda butuh meniadakan beberapa tindakan — khususnya itu registered site-wide — untuk obyek-obyek tertentu. Ada sedikit cara anda dapat meniadakan tindakan:

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    actions = None

Pengaturan perizinan untuk tindakan¶

Actions may limit their availability to users with specific permissions by wrapping the action function with the action() decorator and passing the permissions argument:

@admin.action(permissions=["change"])
def make_published(modeladmin, request, queryset):
    queryset.update(status="p")

Tindakan make_published() hanya akan tersedia pada pengguna yang melewatkan pemeriksaan ModelAdmin.has_change_permission().

If permissions has more than one permission, the action will be available as long as the user passes at least one of the checks.

Available values for permissions and the corresponding method checks are:

• 'add': ModelAdmin.has_add_permission()

• 'change': ModelAdmin.has_change_permission()

• 'delete': ModelAdmin.has_delete_permission()

• 'view': ModelAdmin.has_view_permission()

Anda dapat menentukan nilai lain apapun selama anda menerapkan metode has__permission(self, request) sesuai pada ModelAdmin.

Sebagai contoh:

from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth import get_permission_codename


class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    actions = ["make_published"]

    @admin.action(permissions=["publish"])
    def make_published(self, request, queryset):
        queryset.update(status="p")

    def has_publish_permission(self, request):
        """Does the user have the publish permission?"""
        opts = self.opts
        codename = get_permission_codename("publish", opts)
        return request.user.has_perm("%s.%s" % (opts.app_label, codename))